填空部分

1. Folmer’s book on Edith Wharton seems farremoved from recent trends in literary criticism; this need not to be a fault,except that, in its title and introduction, the book (i)_____ to be conversant with contemporary discourse in the field, but in its actual analysis ofWharton’s work, it is marked by a very (ii)_____ approach.
A. designs
D.  old-fashioned
B. fails
E. timely
C. purports
F. arcane
 
2. Creativity is no longer seen as _____inspiration leading to poem or painting, it has come to be thought of as something permeating the whole of a person’s life.
A. a mundane
B. a momentary
C.an illusory
D. an evanescent
E. a metaphoric
F. a prosaic
 
3. Few ideas are more _____ than the notion that cultures evolve in Darwin fashion;
many academics have begun writing about cultural evolution, but few treat the underlying Darwinian logic with the care it deserves.
A. abused
B. archaic
C. misused
D. outdated
E. divisive
F. derivative
 
4. The research on otters’ environmental requirements is surprisingly (i)_____. One reason for this has to do with the estimationof how much they use different areas. Doing so may be (ii)_____ in some kindsof terrain, such as Shetland where the Eurasian otters are active in daytimeand have clear individual markings. There it is possible to identify theindividuals over stretches of coast of a few kilometers and to see what kindsof coast they use. However, the field conditions are (iii)_____.
A.  straightforward
D. quite  problematic
G. routine
B.  controversial
E.  relatively simple
H.  deceptive
C. difficult
F. largely unnecessary
I.  exceptional
 
5. At least one otter species, the sea otter,has a large, often dominating, effect on the structure of its own habitat.There is no evidence that other species have ever exercised such (i)_____effects. That lack of evidence could merely be because the other species havebeen studied less thoroughly. However, the size and density of the historic seaotter populations in many Pacific coastal regions (ii)_____ those of otherotter species elsewhere, so perhaps the sea otter is indeed (iii)_____ in itseffects on habitat.
A. ephemeral
D. vastly exceed
G. unique
B. unpredictable
E. have little effect on
H. destructive
C. significant
F. roughly parallel
I. transitory
 
6. Discussions of impending water shortagesare often couched in apocalyptic rhetoric, yet if the language is somewhat_____, the basic message is sound: water is indeed scarce and growing scarcer.
A. abstract
B. complacent
C. ambiguous
D. unfamiliar
E. overblown
 
7. One might expect someone of such _____views to have a comparably dour personality, but people who have worked withher talk about how she uses her considerable charm to convince people that sheis right.
A. forbearingB. convoluted
C. felicitous
D. astringent
E. hyperbolic
 
8. There has been (i)_____ elephant’s fabledmental capacities until recently, when these behavioral observations have begunto be (ii)____ by brain science. MRI scans of an elephant’s brain suggest thateven relative to its overall size it has a large hippocampus, the component inthe mammalian brain linked to memory and an important part of its limbicsystem, which is involved in precessing emotions.
A. surprising credence given to
D. buttressed
B. a widespread dismissal of
E. anticipated
C. only anecdotal evidence for
F. overwhelmed
 
9. It was not until 1995 that a planet beyondour solar system was first sighted, a discovery that greatly excitedastronomers. Many had supposed that the processes that gave rise to our solarsystem were not (i)_____, and that there were other planets in the universe. Now,observations had (ii)_____.
A. manifest
D. caught up with belief
B. replicable
E. provided grounds for skepticism
C. unique
F. put assumptions to the test
 
10. The novel’s heroine shows a remarkable(i)_____ to worship at the altar of youth; in her world, youth is (ii)_____,while age, by contrast, confers competence and wisdom.
A. disinclination
D. incredulous
B. desire
E. sagacious
C. tendency
F. callow

阅读部分

Passage 1
 
An alarming number of Mediterranean monk seals, an endangeredspecies, have recently died. Postmortem analysis showed the presence of an asyet unidentified virus, as well as evidence of a know bacterial toxin. Seawatersamples from the area where the seals died did contain unusually highconcentrations of the toxic bacterium. Therefore, although both viruses andbacterial toxins can kill seals, it is more likely that these deaths were theresult of the bacterial toxin.
 
Which of the following, if true, provides additional evidence tosupport the conclusion?A. Viruses are much more difficult to identify in postmortem analysis thanbacteria are.
B. Mediterranean monk seals are the only species of seal in the areawhere the bacterium was found.C. The bacterium is almost always present in the water in at least smallconcentrations.
D. Nearly all the recentdeaths were among adult seals, but young seals are far more susceptible toviruses than are adult seals.E. Several years ago, alarge number of monk seals died in the same area as a result of exposure to adifferent bacterial toxin.
 
Passage 2
 
Buell’s study ofvillage sketches (a type of fiction popular in the United States in the 1830sand 1840s) provides a valuable summary of sketches that portray the communityas homogeneous and fixed, but it ignores those by women writers, whichtypically depicted the diversity that increasingly characterized actual villagecommunities at that time. These women’s geographical mobility was restricted(although women writers of the time were not uniformly circumscribed in thisway), and their subject matter reflected this fact. Yet their texts wereenriched by what Gilligan, writing in a different context, has called theability to attend to voices other than one’s own. To varying degrees, the women’ssketches portray differences among community members: all stress differencesamong men and among women (particularly the latter) as well as differencesbetween the sexes, and some also depict cultural diversity. These writersrepresent community as dynamic, as something that must be negotiated andrenegotiated because of its members’ divergent histories, positions,expectations, and beliefs.
Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.1. According to the passage, village sketches written by women in the UnitedStates in the 1830s and 1840s typically reflectedA. the negotiations that characterized trade relationships between villagesB. the fact that these women did not often travel very far beyond their ownvillageC. the plurality of experiences and ideas that existed among the residents of avillage
 
2. Select the sentence in the passage that contrasts how men andwomen depicted life in village communities.
 
3. The passage indicates that when Gilligan spoke of “the ability toattend to voices other than one’s own,” sheA. did not consider that ability to be a desirable psychological characteristicB. did not believe that individuals differ greatly with respect to that ability
C. was implying that that ability enhances a sense of belonging incommunities
D. was assuming that goodwriters are able to depict diverse charactersE. was not discussing thewomen who wrote village sketches
 
Passage 3
 
Cuts that need to be held closed in order to heal properly havegenerally been held closed with stitches. However,pressure to reduce medical costs is mounting. Consequently, it is likely that anewly developed adhesive will become the routine method of holding most typesof cuts closed. The new adhesive holds most types of cuts closed as well asstitches do, and the cost of applying it is comparable to that of closing cutswith stitches. But whereas stitches must generally be removed by medicalpersonnel after the cut has healed, the adhesive simply wears off. Thus, for any cut that the adhesive can hold closed as well as stitches can, it is moreeconomical to use the adhesive.
 
In the argument given, the two highlighted portions play which ofthe following roles?A. The first is a claim that the argument disputes; the second providesevidence against that disputed claim.
B. The first is a claim that is used as supporting evidence for themain conclusion of the argument; the second is that main conclusion.C. The first is a claim that is used as supporting evidence for the mainconclusion of the argument; the second is a conclusion that is drawn in orderto support that main conclusion.
D. The first introduces apractice about which the argument makes a prediction, the second is aconclusion based on that prediction.E. The first introduces apractice about which the argument makes a prediction; the second is anassessment that is used to support that prediction.
 
Passage 4
 
Aprimary value in early twentieth-century Modernist architectural theory wasthat of “truth to materials”, that is, it was essentialthat a building’s design express the “natural”character of the building materials. This emphasis would have puzzledthe architects of the Italian Renaissance (sixteenth century), a period widelyregarded as the apex of architectural achievement, for Renaissance architects’designs were determined only minimally by the materials employed. Thediversity of Italy’s natural resourcesprovided Renaissance architects with a wide variety of building materials. Thebuilders of the Pitti Palace (1558-1570) used great blocks of Tuscan stone,just as Etruscans living in the same part of Italy had done some twenty centuriesearlier. Had the Florentine Renaissance builders aped the Etruscan style, itmight be said that their materials determined their style, since Etruscan stylematched the massive, stark, solid character of the stone. But these samematerials, which so suited the massive Etruscan style, were effectively used bythe Florentine Renaissance to create the most delicate and graceful of styles. 
...... 
 
1. The passage is primarily concerned withA. explaining the differences in quality among different kinds of buildingmaterialsB. discussing the differences among Etruscan, Florentine Renaissance, and RomanBaroque architectureC. describing how different materials influenced architecture in differentcitiesD. describing the manner in which Renaissance architects often resorted toartificial materials and illusionistic effectsE. demonstrating the attitude of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Italianarchitects toward the use of building materials
  
2. It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes thatwhich of the following is true of painting and architecture of the Baroque era?A. Both emphasize the “natural” use of materials.B. Both are derived from the Florentine Renaissance style.
C. Both have been overlooked by twentieth-century Modernists.
D. They have certain visual features in common.E. They illustrate the degeneration of a style.
 
3. The author’smention of Florentine Renaissancepaintingserves in the context of the passage to support which of the followingassertions?A. The constraints that operate in architecture are different from those thatoperate in paintingB. Florentine architectural style was not determined by the nature of the availablemarble.
C. The Florentine Renaissance period was a period in which the otherarts achieved the same distinction as did architecture.D. Technical advances in all of the arts of the Florentine Renaissancedetermined the stylistic qualities of those arts.
E. Native preferences of style do not manifest themselves in thesame ways in different arts.
 
4. The passage suggests which of thefollowing about the cited “scholars”?A. They believe that adecadent phase is characteristic of any significant artistic movement.
B. They reject the popularview of the Renaissance as the apex of architectural achievement.
C. They believe that avigorous and healthy architecture would not usually employ false surfaces orimitation building materials.
D. They represent themainstream in critical and historical thought about the Florentine Renaissance.
E. They have focused onsuch technical matters as the cost of building materials rather than onartistic concerns.
 
Passage 5
 
Like Germany, but unlike other European nations, Norway industrialized rather late in the nineteenth century. Compared to Germany, however, Norway has a comparatively recent history of industrially based social classes and a much longer history of rather egalitarian class relations. The origin of Norwegian egalitarian predates industrialism and the rise of the labor movement. The preindustrial economy was based largely on a small independent peasantry who combined agriculture with fishing (in the north) or with forestry (in the south). Because Norway was under foreign rule for five centuries until 1905, and because the topography is unfavorable for large estates, a strong aristocracy and landowner class did not emerge in most of Norway. There were some exceptions to this pattern, especially in the southern regions where a landowner class did exist. Norway’s early social and economic history engendered egalitarianism, although, as has been pointed out by several observers, it was an equality of poverty.
 
1. The passage is primarily concerned with discussing the
A. link between poverty and equality in the preindustrial state
B. characteristics of industrial society shared by Norway and Germany
C. effects of industrialization on social and economic relations in Norway
D. roots of social equality in Norway
E. emergence of social classes in Norway and Germany
 
2. According to the passage, northern and southern Norway differed in which of the following ways in the nineteenth century?
A. a landowning class was more likely to be found in southern Norway than in northern Norway.
B. Southern Norwegian peasants relied primarily on fishing for subsistence, while Northern Norwegians relied on forestry.
C. agriculture was a significant activity in southern Norway but not in northern Norway
D. Southern Norway industrialized earlier than did northern Norway
E. foreign rule effected southern Norway more profoundly than it did northern Norway
 
3. The passage suggests which of the following about egalitarianism in Norway?
A. It was a source of social stability that helped Norway survive five centuries of foreign rule
B. It manifested itself in the same way after industrialization as it had prior to industrialization
C. It did not necessarily provide a high standard of living for most Norwegians
D. It produced a Norwegian industrialization that differed qualitatively from industrialization in other European countries in that the labor movement was less radical in Norway
E. It was more pervasive in southern than in northern Norway