今天介绍的是考研英语长难句中定语从句和状语从句的内容，语法的相关内容希望大家重点掌握。

部分：定语从句

一、理论常识

在复合句中作定语，修饰主句中某一名词或代词的从句。

结构：先行词+关系词(分为关系副词和关系代词)+从句

关系代词(that , who , which , whose , as)

关系副词(when , where , why , how)

定语从句分为限制性定语从句及非限制定语从句，限定从直接放在先行词后，非限定从与先行词之间要加逗号。

二、试题举例

例句1：

The Aswan Dam , for example , stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left-all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity .

【重点词汇解析】deprive sb. of sth. 剥夺某人某物;silt，n. 淤泥 v. (使)淤塞

【参考翻译】例如，阿斯旺大坝阻止了尼罗河的洪水侵袭，但是也夺去了埃及的洪水留下的肥沃淤泥---这一切换来的却是一个巨大的病态的水库，这个水库积满了淤泥，以至于几乎不能发电了。

例句2：

The second , by Joshua Greenberge , takes a more empirical approach to universality , identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many languages , which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints . (2012,49)

【重点词汇解析】empirical，adj. 经验主义的;result from 由……造成;cognitive，adj. 认知的

【参考翻译】第二个为此做出努力的人是约书亚·格林伯格，他采用经验主义的方法来研究普遍性，确认多种语言(尤其是语序方面的)共同特征，这些特征被认为是体现了由于认知局限性而带来的偏见。

例句3：

His function is analogous to that of a judge , who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision . (2006,47)

【重点词汇解析】analogous，adj. 类似的;reveal，vt. 揭露;reason，n. 理由 v. 推论

【参考翻译】他的职责类似于法官的职责，后者必须承担起这样的责任：用尽可能明显的方式来揭示让他做出决定的推理过程。

第二部分：状语从句

一、理论常识

状语从句，属于副词性从句，简单说就是从句在句子中担任状语，分为时间、目的、地点、条件、方式、让步、比较、结果、原因9种状语从句。

时间引导词：when , after , before , while , until , till , since , as soon as , everytime , the moment等

地点引导词：where , wherever等

原因引导词：because , since=now that , as等

条件引导词：if , whether , unless , as long as ,on condition that , providing that等

结果引导词：so / such ... that , so等

目的引导词：in order that , so that等

让步引导词：though , although , however , whatever=no matter what even if , even though , as (倒装) 等

方式引导词：as , as if等

比较引导词:than , as ... as , the more ... , the more ... 等

二、试题举例

例句1：

While formal learning is transmitted by teachers selected to perform this role , informal learning is acquired as a natural part of a child's development .

【重点词汇解析】transmit，vt. 传输、传播 vi. 传输、发射信号;(in)formal，adj. (非)正式的

【参考翻译】尽管正式的学习过程是由挑选出来担当此角色的教师来进行的，非正式的学习过程却是作为孩子成长的自然一部分而完成的。

例句2：

While it is true that this competition may induce efforts to expand territory at the expense of others , and thus lead to conflict , it cannot be said that war-like conflict among other nations is inevitable , although competition is .

【重点词汇解析】territory，n. 领土、版图;expense，n. 代价、损失 vt. 向……收取费用;inevitable，adj. 不可避免的

【参考翻译】虽然这种竞争会引发以他人利益为代价的领土扩张行动，因此也会引发冲突，但却不能认为类似于战争的国家间的冲突不可避免，尽管竞争是不可避免的。

例句3：

While it is true that to date the Internet seems to be favoring the most developed sectors of the international community over the less developed , this need not always be the case .

【重点词汇解析】favor，vt. 喜欢、赞成 n. 喜爱

【参考翻译】尽管迄今为止互联网似乎更加青睐国际社会中的发达领域，而非不太发达的领域，情形并不总是如此。